Global warming, its scope and causes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global warming, its scope and causes - Essay Example Upon combustion, fossil fuels like coal and petroleum release green house gases like carbon dioxide. As the quantity of carbon dioxide increases in the atmosphere, the atmosphere becomes a much better insulator and retains an increased amount of solar radiation which in turn increases the overall temperature of the planet. Many scientists believe that the release of carbon dioxide and certain other substances into the air are affecting the earth's climate and causing the average global temperature to rise. There is evidence that the earth's temperature has risen in the past century, but scientists are unable to predict with certainty whether this trend will continue or whether it is definitely linked to human activity. Global warming has many affects. As the temperature increases, there is a possibility of melting of polar glaciers and ice caps. The resulting water would flow into the oceans and increase the volume of the oceans. This would lead to rise of ocean levels. Scientists estimate that the sea level could rise from any where between 9 to 88 centimeters (Hart 2003). Such an increase would submerge low lying coastal areas in many countries of the world. Global warming also affects human health. If the atmospheric temperature is increased due to global warming, more people will get sick or die from heat stress. This may be more due warmer nights, giving the sufferers less relief than due to heat during the day time. There is also a possibility of diseases spreading to new regions. Diseases now found in the tropics, transmitted by mosquitoes and other animal hosts, will widen their range as these animal hosts move into regions formerly too cold for them. Today 45 percent of the world's people live where they might get bitten by a mosquito carrying the parasite that causes malaria; that percentage may increase to 60 percent if temperatures rise (Mastrandrea and Shneider 2003). Other tropical diseases may spread similarly, including dengue fever, yellow fever, and encephalitis. Scientists also predict rising incidence of allergies and respiratory diseases as warmer air grows more charged with pollutants, mold spores, and pollens. Heat stress Heat stress or heat prostration is a condition that is produced by over exertion in hot temperatures. It occurs when the person is subjected to high temperatures or extreme hot dryness. When the body undergoes physical exertion, it perspires which produces sweat. The sweat evaporates to cool the skin and prevents body temperature from rising. Perspiration causes the loss of fluids and salts normally replaced by regularly consuming liquids and food. However, if prolonged, excessive sweating occurs, fluids and salts are not replaced rapidly enough resulting in increase in the viscosity of blood. This causes blood circulation to diminish, affecting the brain, heart, and lungs, and heat exhaustion results. Symptoms of heat exhaustion include heavy sweating; pale, clammy skin; dilated pupils; a slightly elevated body temperature; and cramps, weakness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache, mental confusion, and sometimes unconsciousness. Heat stress and global warming Incidence of heat stress increases with temperature. Hence the number of cases of incidence of heat stress tends to increase in the very near future due to rise in temperatures

World’s Best Cup of Joe Essay Example for Free

World’s Best Cup of Joe Essay Many Americans start their day off with a morning cup of coffee. Some brew a pot at home but many add a few extra minutes to their morning commute to stop for a cup of their favorite flavor. With dozens of different coffee shops, how is one supposed to choose? The battle has been going on for over a decade between the two main contenders, Dunkin Donuts and Starbucks. Starbucks sells an upper class lifestyle to their coffee drinkers, while Dunkin Donuts sells a cup of joe for the average Joe. Each goes about advertising in a different manner. Through the use of print advertising, Starbucks shows its superiority to Dunkin Donuts by using powerful text, creating an aesthetic scene, and evoking specific emotions and thoughts. The text in each advertisement says something about the product and company. The Starbucks’ ad reads, â€Å"The best coffee for the best YOU. Taste of Inspiration.† The words are so simple yet have a powerful meaning. Starbucks makes the consumer feel good about buying their product because if you are the best, you deserve the best. After all, they are selling an upper class lifestyle. The best part of the ad is that the emphasis isn’t even on the coffee; it is on â€Å"you† as it is displayed in big, bold green lettering. By making â€Å"you† feel like the best, one is more inclined to spend money on products that make them feel like the best. The statement, â€Å"Taste of Inspiration†, adds another layer of sophistication to this ad. Those words are written in script unlike the other words, to add elegance to it. It’s as if with a single sip of Starbucks you will feel enlightened. Starbucks markets itself as not just a coffee shop bu t also a lifestyle, unlike Dunkin Donuts. Dunkin Donuts’ advertisement is all about the coffee. Dunkin Donuts’ ad reads, â€Å"There’s Coffee. Then There’s America’s Favorite Coffee.† DD gets to the point quickly; their ad comes right out and says they’re â€Å"America’s Favorite†. This statement seems somewhat presumptuous considering the amount of coffee shops all across America but also shows DD’s confidence in their product. They use America as a testimonial for their product. If it’s America’s favorite then they must have a great product. The text in advertisements is a major component but it would be nothing without the scene around it. It is important for advisers to create an advertisement that will make people take time out of their day to look at. The Starbucks’ ad is a blend of about 5 warm colors. It gives a welcoming feeling as if the coffee is from your own home. The main focus in the picture is a normal Starbucks cup in the foreground but everything in the scene is relevant. Although the background is blurred to allow the cup to be the attention getter, the background is still an important part. The background is the inside of a Starbucks, which can be determined by the blurred outlines of chairs and tables. Using a Starbucks as the scene is a great marketing strategy because now the consumer is only thinking Starbucks. The advertisement leaves no room for confusion; it is all Starbucks. With Starbucks on the brain and a beautiful scene, who could look away? The ad has caught the consumer’s eye and with the text as reinforcement, it does a great job advertising Starbucks. On the opposing side, Dunkin Donuts is more concerned with the actual coffee itself. The normal pink and orange lettering is displayed proudly on the standard cup of coffee. The cup is placed directly in front of your face. The text, mentioned above, isn’t the most important part of this advertisement. DD wants people to see the rich, black coffee in the cup. They want potential consumers to see the cup of coffee they could be getting if they choose to get DD. The text above the cup is only to reinforce the quality of it. Dunkin Donuts does a good job with product placement but is lacking character. The DD ad doesn’t add anything fun or relatable to it. Starbucks not only mentioned â€Å"you† the consumer, but rather centered the whole ad around â€Å"you†. The customer is very important to Starbucks. The DD advertisement has a more â€Å"take me or leave me† approach. It’s almost like, â€Å"Hey! We’re America’s favorite, why would you go anywhere else?† The text in the DD ad is almost arrogant. Starbucks textual portion was well thought out and works well to bring the ad together. When creating ads, advertisement companies choose every component specifically to create a precise feeling and thought in the potential consumer’s mind. The combination of colors and the text, in the Starbucks’ ad, make a person want to smile. Starbucks’ advertisement makes one feel warm and welcome. The contrast between the dark and the light colors creates a scene that people want to stop and look at. It’s welcoming to anyone, from teenagers to elderly citizens of any race. This advertisement’s demographic is anyone who drinks coffee, not just business people. Customers are meant to look at the ad and think, â€Å"I am the best, I deserve the best coffee.† The ad actually gives people self-confidence, in that, they promise to provide the best coffee to you because you are, in fact the best. In contrast, Dunkin Donuts’ advertisement makes a statement about their reputation. They are less concerned with the consumer’s self-confidence but rather more concerned with giving the consumer a reason to choose them. They proudly state that they are America’s favorite, what more does a consumer need? No one is going to take a poll of everyone in America to confirm this statement; so instead, customers are left to rely on the information DD has provided. Dunkin Donuts’ advertisement leaves room to be challenged by expert coffee drinkers. The only way customers can prove the statement right or wrong is by going in and tasting a cup for themselves. Once they have purchased a cup, whether they agree or disagree, DD has won. The ad was meant to make a sale and it has done just that. In conclusion, both ads approached their print advertisements in a different way. Starbucks’ text shows that they are focused on the customer and not themselves unlike DD. The scene Starbucks shows is more aesthetically pleasing to consumers. Lastly the thoughts and emotions evoked from the Starbucks’ ad have more impact on potential customers.

Computer Crime :: essays research papers

Computer Crime A young man sits illuminated only by the light of a computer screen. His fingers dance across the keyboard. While it appears that he is only word processing or playing a game, he may be committing a felony. In the state of Connecticut, computer crime is defined as: 53a-251. Computer Crime (a) Defined. A person commits computer crime when he violates any of the provisions of this section. (b) Unauthorized access to a computer system. (1) A person is guilty of the computer crime of unauthorized access to a computer system when, knowing that he is not authorized to do so, he accesses or causes the be accessed any computer system without authorization... (c) Theft of computer services. A person is guilty of the computer crime o f theft of computer services when he accesses or causes to be accessed or otherwise uses or causes to be used a computer system with the intent to obtain unauthorized computer services. (d) Interruption of computer services. A person is guilty of the computer crime of interruption of computer services when he, without authorization, intentionally or recklessly disrupts or degrades or causes the disruption or degradation of computer services or denies or causes the denial of computer services to an authorized user of a computer system. (e) Misuse of computer system information. A person is guilty of the computer crime of misuse of computer system information when: (1) As a result of his accessing or causing to be accessed a computer system, he intentionally makes or causes to be made an unauthorized display, use, disclosure or copy, in any form, of data residing in, communicated by or produced by a computer system. Penalties for committing computer crime range from a class B misdemeanor to a class B felony. The severity of the penalty is determined based on the monetary value of the damages inflicted. (2) The law has not always had much success stopping computer crime. In 1990 there was a nationwide crackdown on illicit computer hackers, with arrests, criminal charges, one dramatic show-trial, several guilty pleas, and huge confiscations of data and equipment all over the USA. The Hacker Crackdown of 1990 was larger, better organized, more deliberate, and more resolute than any previous efforts. The U.S. Secret Service, private telephone security, and state and local law enforcement groups across the country all joined forces in a determined attempt to break the back of America's electronic underground. It was a fascinating effort, with very mixed results. In 1982, William Gibson coined the term "Cyberspace". Cyberspace is defined as "the "place" where a telephone conversation appears to occur.

Family Finance Essay

Doing a budget for my family or even for personal use is not a new experience for me. At a very young age, I was taught by my parents how to wisely manage my money so that I would have something to pull out in case I encounter emergency situations. I carried this on until adulthood and have been making budgets every now and then to make sure that my finances will be enough to cover my bills and other activities that need spending. †¢ What did you learn about credit card debt paying the minimum payment? I have been using credit cards for years now and I just realized, through this activity, that I know very little about the whole process. I thought that paying the minimum payment of my credit card bill will lessen my financial burdens. However, it only made things worse because of the interest it gained every month that I was not able to pay the whole balance. Banks do not properly educate their clients regarding these interests. They expect their clients to understand the terms and conditions that are written at the back of their forms like these contain terms that are easy to understand. †¢ Why is having emergency money in a savings account important? It is important to have emergency money in a savings account because this would mean that a person will have something to pull out when he or she encounters tight situations involving money. A person, even with a planned budget, can inevitably overspend at times. There are also instances when he or she will encounter situations wherein he or she would have to shell out a large amount of money. In these cases, it is always better to have extra money in one’s savings account to avoid the hassle of borrowing from others or from financial institutions. Borrowing from friends or relatives would be easy because they will most likely lend the person the money that he or she needs, at times without even asking any questions. The case would be different in banks because this would require a great deal of process before the load would be approved. In addition, the person would suffer from the interests that the bank will place on him or her, which will depend on how much the loan will be. Instead of making people’s lives easier, loaning from financial institutions can become a nightmare. †¢ What is a credit score? What are the major credit reporting agencies? A credit score is a â€Å"number generated by a mathematical algorithm based on information in a person’s credit report† (Curry, n.d.). This score is used by lending agencies to decide whether to lend the borrower the money that he or she requests or not. It is therefore important to have an ideal credit score. The ideal credit score is about 720 or higher but most people will score 600 to 800 (Curry, n.d.). A good credit score will allow the person to borrow money easily and to have low interest rates. Financial institutions can also use this information to decide whether to increase a person’s interest rate or increase his or her credit limit. There are three major credit reporting agencies and these include Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion. †¢ What can occur if you are a victim of identity theft? â€Å"Identity theft consists of stealing another person’s identifying information and using the information to take money or make purchases† (Bergman, Berman-Barrett, & Berman, 2008, p.293). The sad thing here is that these purchases that thieves would make becomes the responsibility of the victim. Worse, the victim’s reputation will be put to risk because it is his or her name that is being used by the perpetrator. It can take several days or weeks to clear one’s name in companies and establishments, especially in financial institutions because the person would have to prove that his or her identity was stolen. Section Two †¢ During premarital counseling, what can individuals learn about finances? Premarital counseling is important for couples to take before getting married because this would prepare them for the different issues that they may encounter in their married life. One of the many issues that they have to be prepared about is their finances. They will learn how to keep track of their finances. They will learn how to budget and stick to their financial limits so that they do not go overboard. If they own debts at the time of counseling, they will realize that they should pay these off so that they can start clean before getting married. They also need to open a savings plan for rainy days. Also, they need to have a retirement investment fund so that they do not have to worry when the time comes that they need to retire. †¢ How does understanding finances help with a relationship, in particular, within a marriage relationship? One of the major problems that couples face in their married life is their finances. More often than not, this is the cause of divorce or separation. Understanding their finances will help them realize the steps that they need to take in order for them to not experience money troubles. They will realize that they need to work together and not independently to be able to save and have enough money for their family. If they understood their financial status and the things that they have to do in order for them to have a good financial stats, it is most likely that they will also understand each other and have better relationship. †¢ Is it possible for finances to lead a marriage to divorce? As mentioned above, it is possible that financial problems can lead a marriage to divorce. There are times when a person who feels that the other is not exerting enough effort to support the whole family financially will decide that it is better to separate than to live with financial burdens. There are times when money matters are the cause of regular fights, especially if one makes more money than the other. Divorce can happen if couples do not talk about their financial status and try to come up with solutions for their problems. †¢ Do children have an impact on finances? Having children do have an impact on finances as compared to couples living with only the two of them together. Children would mean that the couple would have to budget for clothes, food, toys, education, and other activities to support their growth and development. It would also mean that the couple would have to save in case of emergency like hospital emergencies and the like.

Organization And Management Essay

INTRODUCTION Control is the process of assuring the efficient accomplishment of enterprise objectives. In the turbulent environment faced by management, power and control is necessary to anticipate problems, measure performance against standards, take corrective actions for deviations from plans and if necessary, modify plans. The term control may have some negative connotations for some. In the management process, it is a facilitating function aiding the organization to accomplish the set objectives. The primary responsibility for exercising control rests with management at HQ division with the execution of plans. In an organization, control consists in verifying whether everything occurs in conformity with the plans adopted, the instructions issued and principles established. Its object is to point out weaknesses and errors in order to rectify them and prevent recurrence. It operates on everything, things, people, and actions. It is wrong to assume that only top management has the responsibility for power and control and that there is little need for control at lower levels of management. While the scope for control may vary to some extent depending upon the position of an employee in the hierarchy, all those who have responsibility for the execution of plans need to exercise control too. M/s Engineering Products is an engineering company, based in UK, manufacturing mechanical tools for various industrial manufactures .Due to the marketing trend and policy change, the company sometime in 1980 did some major deviations by closing and selling some units and presently in the trade of defense, industrial services and auto parts. The company is in the line of exporting components to different countries. It has processed for expansion, 50% of the employees are stationed in Western Europe and North America. Bulk of the sales is taken care by Western Europe and America and a very small portion by UK. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The major prerequisites of control are two: a plan and a structure. a) Plan: controls must be based on plan. The more clear and complete the plans are the more effective controls can be; plans become the standards by which the actions are measured. b) Structure: There is need for a structure to know where the responsibility rests for deviations and corrective action, if any needed. As in the case of plans, the more clear and complete the organization structure is, the more effective control can be. Controls, to be effective, should share the following basic characteristics: Appropriate: Controls should correspond to an organization’s plans. Controls designed for a Management Executive are inappropriate for a supervisor Strategic: Control should serve a strategic purpose and provide spotlight on positive and negative exceptions at critical points. Acceptable: Controls will not work unless people want them to. They should be acceptable to those to whom they apply. Reliable and objective: Controls should be accurate and unbiased. If they are unreliable and subjective, people will resent them. THE POWER AND CONTROL PROCESS In the Engineering Products the control process used  Ã‚     involves three steps: (a) establishing standards. (b) measuring performance against these standards, and (c) reinforcing success/correcting deviations. a) Establishing Standards: Standards mean criteria of performance. Standards may be of many kinds and include verifiable goals set in qualitative or quantitative terms. Engineering Products has established standards in areas such as: (a) Profitability (b) Productivity (c) Market Share (d) Worker Performance (e) Innovation (f) Social Responsibility Standards are based on past performance, managerial judgment or scientific analysis. Standards are used to measure performance and judge success or failure. b) Measuring of Performance: Essentially, it is a comparison between â€Å"what is† and â€Å"what should be† the performance. Ideally, measurement should be done on a forward-looking basis to predict probable deviations from standards rather than merely be used as a post mortem exercise. c) Reinforcing Success/Correcting Deviations: When plans and organization structures are clear, it is easy to reinforce success and avoid failures. When deviations are noticed or apprehended based on warning signs, the reasons can be analyzed and appropriate corrective actions taken promptly. LITERATURE REVIEW POLICIES AND DESIGN CHOICES IN CONTROL Engineering Products are following three options in exercising control: centralization or delegation formal or informal direct or indirect preferences for one or a mix of all options are matters of judgment. Each option has relevance in a particular situation Centralization or Delegation Centralization is an approach where control is exercised by the HQ or the top management group.   Thus, functional autonomy will be lacking at operating levels. Delegation, on the contrary, manifests transfer of decision-making authority downward and outward within the formal structure. Sometimes, decision-making power is transferred downwards in a hierarchy prescribing limits on the scope and type of decisions. Centralized Control: makes it easier to coordinate the activities of various subunits/departments in an organization. seeks to achieve balance among various functions because the top management can be expected to have a broad organization-wide perspective. proves more useful because control will be in the hands of senior, experienced top executives. is necessary to meet extraordinary situations. is economical since duplication in activities and resource use can be avoided. Delegation and decentralization too have positive features: they relieve the top management from overload. motivate individuals to give better performance due to opportunities for individual freedom, discretion and control. contribute to the personal and professional development of managers.†¢ people at operating Direct or Indirect There are two ways of controlling. One way is to supervise subordinates’ activities closely, trace deviations to the persons responsible and get them to correct their practices. This is called indirect control The other way is to develop high quality managers who will properly understand and apply managerial principles, functions, techniques and philosophy, make few mistakes and initiate corrective actions, wherever necessary, themselves. This is called direct control. The higher the quality of managers and their subordinates, the less will be the need for indirect controls. Conflict and Negotiation Life is a never ending process of one conflict after another. Conflict has always been widespread in society but it is only recently that it has generated a lot of interest and has been the focus of research and study. Employees have become more vociferous in their demands for a better deal. Various departments in an organization face a situation full of conflicts due to a number of reasons like goal diversity, scarcity of resources or task interdependence etc. Negotiation is an attempt to find a solution that reconciles or integrates the needs of both parties who work together to define the problem and to identify mutually satisfactory solutions. In negotiation, there is open expression of feelings as well as exchange of task-related information. The most critical ingredients in successful negotiation are: 1 Definition of the problem should be a joint effort based on shared fact finding. 2 Problems should be stated in terms of specifics. 3 Discussions between the groups should consist of specific, non-evaluative comments and questions should be asked to elicit information. 4The groups should work together in developing alternative solutions. 5All agreements about separate issues should he considered tentative.   Without trust, each group will fear manipulation and may not reveal its true preferences. Secondly, integrative problem solving takes a lot of time and can succeed only in the absence of pressure for a quick settlement. Direct control hastens corrective actions, lightens the burden caused by indirect control and subordinates feel less concerned about superior’s subjectivity in rating their performance because in indirect control one would feel a close relationship between performance and measurement. METHODOLOGY The central HR function at Engineering Products had been placed on a different platform after the other units placed at different places are moving towards international integration. integration. A system is being formed for interaction of different managers of different units and how international postings to be managed HR department at HQ office desires to play a more forceful role rather than doing only doing routine administrative work. The Dynamics of Personnel/Human Resource Management (P/HRM) is a dynamic discipline as it mostly deals with ever-changing work settings, characterized by people having varied cultural, social and religious backgrounds, diverse goals, multifarious expectations and attitudes. The personnel scene itself has been changing quite dramatically over the years. State regulations, competitive pressures, unionization of employees, do exert a strong influence on the way the personnel function is carried out in various organizations. Over the years, employees have become more sophisticated in their demands for high quality work environments, adequate benefits, proper training and career growth opportunities. All these factors compel human resource professionals to look for ways to improve their interactions with employees, other managers and outside groups in order to maximize worker productivity and satisfaction. Changing Role of Human Resource in View of Social Factors: A number of environmental factors influence the work of HR office.They cannot perform  Ã‚   in a vacuum. These factors influence the organization through human resources. External factors separately or in combination can influence the HR function of any organization. The job of a HR manager is to balance the demands and expectations of the external groups with the internal requirements and achieve the assigned goals in an efficient and effective manner. The HR manager has to work closely with these constituent parts, understand the internal dynamics properly and devise ways and means to survive and progress. Local and State Factors State is the custodian of industrial and economic activities. The emergence of problems on the industrial front in the form of trade union movement, failure of many employers to deal fairly with workers, non-fulfillment of plan targets forced the states to intervene in human resource management and to enact various pieces of labor legislation.    Unions Unions have also gained strength. At present, these organizations constitute one of the power blocks in many countries. With the formation and recognition of these organizations, the issues relating to employee interests are no longer determined by the unilateral actions of management. These have to be discussed with union representatives invariably.   In consequence, the scope of managerial discretion in personnel activities has been narrowed down. Changing Work Values   Organizations must now advance from general affirmation and enthusiasm for the career development of their personnel to greater precision. The concepts and goals development programmes must be more precise, more widely understood, reflected in formal policy statements and translated into institutional and personnel practice. Alienation from the job, increasing counter-productive behavior, rising expectations and changing ideas of employees are some of the other factors responsible for the changing values and roles of human force. Consequently it has become imperative for the management to include  Ã‚   benefits to improve morale, introduce a machinery to redress grievances, encourage employee participation in decision-making and the like to pave the way for industrial betterment and to meet the ever increasing demands of workforce. Culture In Organization Every organization has some characteristics which are common with any other organization. At the same time, each organization has its unique set of characteristics and properties. This psychological structure of organization and their sub-units is usually referred to as Organizational Culture. Organizational culture is a relatively enduring quality of the internal environment that is experienced by the members, influences their behavior, and can be described in terms of values of a particular set of characteristics of the organization. Organizational culture is the set of characteristics that describe an organization and that (a) distinguish one organization from other organizations; (b) are relatively enduring over time and (c) influence the behavior of the people in the organization. Organizational Culture is a relatively uniform perception held of the organization, it has common characteristics, it is descriptive, it can distinguish one organization from another and it integrates individual, group and organization system variables. ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE. Organization structure refers to the formal, established pattern of relationships amongst the various parts of a firm or any organization. The fact that these relationships are formal implies that they are deliberately specified and adopted and do not evolve on their own. Of course, it may sometimes happen that given an unusual situation, new working relationships may evolve and which may later be adopted as representing the formal structure.   Only when relationships are clearly spelled out and accepted by everyone, can they be considered as constituting a structure. This does not mean that once established, there can be no change in these relationships. Changes may be necessary with passage of time and change of circumstances, but frequent and erratic changes are to be avoided. References Peters, Thomas, J. and Waterman, Robert H., 1999. Management of Development Programmes, Harper and Row: New York. Elbing, A.1998. Behavioral Decisions in Organizations, Scott Foresman: Glenview. 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Wendell L French et al) Business Publications Inc., Dallas (1998). Chris Argyris, Management and Organization Development: The Path form X4 to YB, McGraw Hill, New York (1991). Beckhard, R. Harris, R. T Organization transitions: Managing Complex Changes, Addison Wesley (1997). Cascio, W.F., Fundamentals of Modern Organisations, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York,1992 Purecell J.,Boxall P., Organisational Management, Plagrave, Macmillan, New York,2003